Airlines Foundation

 Airline is a front door to one of the most complex ecosystems in modern business. Behind every boarding pass lies an intricate choreography of manufacturers, air traffic controllers, alliances, regulators, airports, technologies, and partnerships converging to move the worlds and make global aviation possible.

The fact that it is so complicated also stems from the fact that the airlines global failure rate is a staggering 87.5%, with over 21000 airlines that existed since 1900 and a little over 3000 airlines operate globally today.

Complexity is fascinating not because it resists understanding, but because each layer unravelled reveals another, equally intricate and intriguing beneath it.

So in the quest of unravelling some of the complexities, I am intending to start a series of posts covering Airline ecosystem.

Airlines Core functions include:

• Network & Schedule Planning: Is the process by which airlines decide where, when, and how often to fly. It involves selecting routes, matching aircraft types, balancing short-haul, long-haul, domestic, and international demand, and coordinating with slots, bilateral agreements, and alliances. It is a strategic blend of market demand forecasts, competitor analysis, fleet availability, and regulatory constraints essentially the blueprint that turns global demand for travel into a viable airline timetable.
• Revenue Management & Pricing: Is how airlines decide what each seat should cost, and when. Moving away from fixed prices to dynamic pricing—adjusting fares across fare buckets based on demand forecasts, seasonality, competition, and booking patterns. The goal is to maximize yield and RASM (Revenue per Available Seat Mile) by selling the right seat, at the right time, to the right customer—while also layering in ancillary revenues from bags, seats, meals, and upgrades.
• Sales & Distribution: Is how airlines bring their product—the seat—to market. Beyond their own websites and apps – Direct Flight, airlines rely on Global Distribution Systems (GDS), Online Travel Agencies (OTAs), Travel Management Companies (TMCs), and emerging standards like NDC (New Distribution Capability) to reach customers. It’s the ecosystem that determines where and how tickets are sold, how ancillaries are bundled, and how airlines compete for visibility in a crowded digital shelf.
• Airport Operations: Cover everything that happens on the ground to get flights out safely and on time. This includes check-in, security, baggage handling, gate management, boarding, and aircraft turnaround. It requires close coordination between airlines, airports, ground handlers, and regulators—balancing efficiency, safety, and customer experience in one of the most time-critical parts of the airline value chain.
• Flight Operations & Crew Scheduling: Ensure that every flight has the right aircraft, pilots, and cabin crew in place—while complying with strict duty time and rest regulations. It spans flight planning, dispatch, crew pairings, rostering, and operational control, coordinating minute-by-minute with airports and air traffic control. It’s the nerve center of the airline, where safety, on-time performance, and regulatory compliance come together to keep the system moving.
• Engineering & Maintenance (MRO): (Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul)—Is what keeps aircraft airworthy, safe, and reliable. It spans everything from routine line checks before flights to heavy C- and D-checks, engine overhauls, and compliance with airworthiness directives (ADs). MRO is both highly regulated and capital-intensive, requiring precision, planning, and predictive data to minimize costly Aircraft on Ground (AOG) events while ensuring the highest safety standards.
• Cargo & Logistics: Is the backbone of global trade within aviation, moving everything from e-commerce parcels to pharmaceuticals, perishables, and heavy machinery. Airlines carry freight in dedicated freighter aircraft as well as in the belly cargo holds of passenger planes. This ecosystem involves freight forwarders, integrators (FedEx, UPS, DHL), air waybills, unit load devices (ULDs), and cold chain solutions. Efficient cargo operations balance speed, cost, and compliance with strict dangerous goods and security regulations—making it a critical revenue stream alongside passenger travel.
• Customer & Loyalty: Functions focus on shaping the travel experience and building long-term relationships. Beyond service touchpoints like check-in, boarding, and in-flight care, airlines use Frequent Flyer Programs (FFPs) to reward and retain passengers. These programs—often billion-dollar businesses in their own right—create value through tier status (Silver, Gold, Platinum), mileage accrual, redemption partnerships with hotels, car rentals, and banks, and exclusive perks like lounges and upgrades. Loyalty is not just about rewarding miles flown—it is about anchoring customers in an ecosystem that keeps them coming back.
• Finance & Settlement: Ensures that the billions flowing through airline systems are accurately tracked, reconciled, and reported. This includes revenue accounting, settlement of interline and codeshare agreements, processing through IATA’s (International Air Transport Association) BSP (Billing & Settlement Plan) or ARC (Airline Reporting Corporation), and handling special prorate agreements (SPAs) between partner airlines. It also manages exposure to currency fluctuations, fuel hedging, and payment systems. In short, it’s the financial backbone that turns every booking, ancillary, and cargo shipment into recognized revenue and cash flow.

As Richard Branson once said: “If you want to be a millionaire, start with a billion dollars and launch an airline.” The economics are brutal, but the scale of opportunity is enormous.

Airlines may look simple from the outside, but every journey we take is powered by thousands of interconnected decisions, partners, and systems working in sync. And yet, this is just the surface. In the coming posts, I will try and peel further layers—from strategy and vision, to capability models and KPIs, to the innovation themes reshaping how airlines will fly into the future.