Introduction to Enterprise Architecture

Diversification Story Airline 4: AirAsia, From Budget Airline to Digital Lifestyle Ecosystem

In 2001, Tony Fernandes bought a struggling, debt-ridden Malaysian airline for just one ringgit (about 25 cents) along with its $11 million debt. Within a year, the low-cost model was flying, and AirAsia soon became Asia’s best-known budget airline. But the true story of AirAsia is not just about democratizing flying — it’s about how a small airline diversified boldly into adjacent and transformational businesses, reinventing itself as a digital lifestyle brand. Horizon 1: The Core – Low-Cost Flying AirAsia’s foundation was its low-cost, no-frills passenger business. Inspired by Southwest and Ryanair, built the airline on simple principles: A single aircraft type for efficiency (Airbus A320). Quick turnarounds to maximize utilization. Aggressive pricing to stimulate demand. “Now Everyone Can Fly” — a brand promise that resonated across Southeast Asia. From Malaysia, AirAsia expanded regionally, launching subsidiaries in Thailand, Indo...

Diversification Story Airline 10: Pan Am, The Cautionary Tale of Diversification and Decline

Few airlines inspire as much nostalgia as Pan American World Airways. Founded in 1927, Pan Am was once the world’s most glamorous and innovative airline — the “chosen instrument” of U.S. international aviation. It pioneered transoceanic flying, introduced the jumbo jet era, and set the standard for luxury in the skies. But Pan Am is also one of the most famous failures in diversification, a story of ambition that outpaced strategy, and expansion that collapsed under its own weight. Horizon 1: The Core – America’s Flag Carrier to the World Pan Am’s foundation was international passenger flights. In 1927, it operated its first mail and passenger flight from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba. By the 1930s, Pan Am pioneered flying boats (Clippers) that connected the Americas to Europe and Asia. In the 1950s–60s, it became the world’s premier international airline, with routes to every continent. In 1970, Pan Am was the launch customer of ...

Mongo Learning Series 1

Mongo Learning First of all, I want to thank and congratulate the MongoDB team for hosting such a wonderful introductory interactive course. Good job guys. For those interested here is the url https://education.mongodb.com/ It is a 7 week course. The syllabus follows: Week 1: Introduction Introduction & Overview - Overview, Design Goals, the Mongo Shell, JSON Intro, installing tools, overview of blog project. Bottle, Pymongo Week 2: CRUD CRUD (Creating, Reading and Updating Data) - Mongo shell, query operators, update operators and a few commands Week 3: Schema Design Schema Design - Patterns, case studies and tradeoffs Week 4: Performance Using indexes, monitoring and understanding performance. Performance in sharded environments. Week 5: Aggregation Framework Goals, the use of the pipeline...

Prashanth B Panduranga

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